Back |
Indicators
on child-bearing |
Last
update: 22 April 2005 |
|
Total
fertility rate, 2000-2005 |
Estimated
maternal mortality ratio, around 2000 |
Contraceptive
prevalence among married women of childbearing age (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Year |
Any method |
|
Modern
method |
|
Afghanistan |
7.48 |
|
1900 |
+ |
2000 |
5 |
|
4 |
|
Albania |
2.29 |
|
55 |
+ |
2002 |
75 |
a |
8 |
a |
Algeria |
2.53 |
|
140 |
+ |
2000 |
64 |
|
50 |
|
Angola |
6.75 |
|
1700 |
+ |
2001 |
6 |
|
5 |
|
Antigua and Barbuda |
... |
|
... |
|
1988 |
53 |
c |
51 |
c |
Argentina |
2.35 |
|
82 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Armenia |
1.33 |
|
55 |
+ |
2000 |
61 |
s |
22 |
|
Australia |
1.75 |
|
8 |
|
1986 |
76 |
|
72 |
|
Austria |
1.39 |
|
4 |
|
1995/96 |
47 |
v |
43 |
v |
Azerbaijan |
1.85 |
|
94 |
+ |
2001 |
55 |
|
12 |
|
Bahamas |
2.30 |
|
60 |
+ |
1988 |
62 |
c |
60 |
c |
Bahrain |
2.47 |
|
28 |
|
1995 |
62 |
d s |
31 |
d |
Bangladesh |
3.25 |
|
380 |
|
1999/00 |
54 |
|
44 |
|
Barbados |
1.50 |
|
95 |
|
1988 |
55 |
c |
53 |
c |
Belarus |
1.24 |
|
35 |
|
1995 |
50 |
|
42 |
|
Belgium |
1.66 |
|
10 |
|
1991/92 |
78 |
n t |
74 |
n t |
Belize |
3.20 |
|
140 |
|
1991 |
47 |
c |
42 |
c |
Benin |
5.87 |
|
850 |
|
2001 |
19 |
|
7 |
|
Bermuda |
1.67 |
r |
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Bhutan |
4.40 |
|
420 |
+ |
1994 |
19 |
h |
19 |
h |
Bolivia |
3.96 |
|
420 |
+ |
2000 |
53 |
|
27 |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
1.32 |
|
31 |
|
2000 |
48 |
|
16 |
|
Botswana |
3.20 |
|
100 |
+ |
2000 |
40 |
|
39 |
|
Brazil |
2.35 |
|
260 |
|
1996 |
77 |
|
70 |
|
Brunei Darussalam |
2.50 |
|
37 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Bulgaria |
1.24 |
|
32 |
|
1999 |
42 |
|
25 |
|
Burkina Faso |
6.67 |
|
1000 |
|
2003 |
14 |
|
9 |
|
Burundi |
6.80 |
|
1000 |
+ |
2000 |
16 |
|
10 |
|
Cambodia |
4.14 |
|
450 |
|
2000 |
24 |
s |
19 |
|
Cameroon |
4.65 |
|
730 |
|
1998 |
19 |
|
7 |
|
Canada |
1.51 |
|
6 |
|
1995 |
75 |
v |
73 |
v |
Cape Verde |
3.77 |
|
150 |
+ |
1998 |
53 |
|
46 |
|
Central African Repulic |
4.96 |
|
1100 |
|
2000 |
28 |
|
7 |
|
Chad |
6.65 |
|
1100 |
|
2000 |
8 |
|
2 |
|
Chile |
2.00 |
|
31 |
|
1990 |
30 |
|
... |
|
China e |
1.70 |
|
56 |
|
1997 |
84 |
|
83 |
|
China, Hong
Kong SAR |
0.94 |
|
... |
|
1992 |
86 |
|
80 |
|
China, Macao SAR |
0.84 |
|
20 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Colombia |
2.62 |
|
130 |
|
2000 |
77 |
|
64 |
|
Comoros |
4.89 |
|
480 |
+ |
2000 |
26 |
|
19 |
|
Congo |
6.29 |
|
510 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Cook Islands |
... |
|
... |
|
1996 |
63 |
|
60 |
|
Costa Rica |
2.28 |
|
43 |
|
1999 |
80 |
|
... |
|
Côte d'Ivoire |
5.06 |
|
690 |
+ |
1998/99 |
15 |
|
7 |
|
Croatia |
1.35 |
|
8 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Cuba |
1.61 |
|
33 |
|
2000 |
... |
|
72 |
|
Cyprus |
1.63 |
|
47 |
|
|
... |
|
... |
|
Czech Republic |
1.17 |
|
9 |
|
1997 |
72 |
|
63 |
|
Dem. Rep. of the Congo |
6.70 |
|
990 |
+ |
2001 |
31 |
|
4 |
|
Denmark |
1.75 |
|
5 |
|
1988 |
78 |
g |
72 |
g |
Djibouti |
5.09 |
|
730 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Dominica |
... |
|
... |
|
1987 |
50 |
c |
48 |
c |
Dominican Republic |
2.73 |
|
150 |
+ |
2002 |
70 |
|
66 |
|
Ecuador |
2.82 |
|
130 |
|
1999 |
66 |
|
52 |
|
Egypt |
3.29 |
|
84 |
|
2000 |
56 |
|
54 |
|
El Salvador |
2.88 |
|
150 |
+ |
2002/03 |
67 |
|
... |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
5.89 |
|
880 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Eritrea |
5.53 |
|
630 |
|
2002 |
8 |
|
5 |
|
Estonia |
1.37 |
|
63 |
|
1994 |
70 |
g |
56 |
g |
Ethiopia |
5.87 |
|
850 |
|
2000 |
8 |
|
6 |
|
Fiji |
2.92 |
|
75 |
+ |
1986 |
40 |
|
40 |
|
Finland |
1.72 |
|
6 |
|
1989 |
77 |
v |
75 |
v |
France |
1.87 |
|
17 |
|
1994 |
75 |
v |
69 |
v |
French Guiana |
3.41 |
|
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
French Polynesia |
2.39 |
|
20 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Gabon |
4.02 |
|
420 |
|
2000 |
33 |
|
13 |
|
Gambia |
4.75 |
|
540 |
+ |
2000 |
10 |
|
9 |
|
Georgia |
1.48 |
|
32 |
+ |
1999/00 |
41 |
a |
20 |
a |
Germany |
1.32 |
|
8 |
|
1992 |
75 |
|
72 |
|
Ghana |
4.39 |
|
540 |
+ |
2003 |
25 |
|
19 |
|
Greece |
1.25 |
|
9 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Grenada |
... |
|
... |
|
1990 |
54 |
c |
... |
|
Guadeloupe |
2.06 |
|
5 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Guam |
2.95 |
|
12 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Guatemala |
4.60 |
|
240 |
|
2002 |
43 |
|
34 |
|
Guinea |
5.92 |
|
740 |
|
1999 |
6 |
|
4 |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
7.10 |
|
1100 |
+ |
2000 |
8 |
|
4 |
|
Guyana |
2.29 |
|
170 |
|
2000 |
37 |
|
36 |
|
Haiti |
3.98 |
|
680 |
|
2000 |
28 |
s |
23 |
|
Honduras |
3.72 |
|
110 |
|
2001 |
62 |
|
51 |
|
Hungary |
1.30 |
|
16 |
|
1992/93 |
77 |
v |
68 |
v |
Iceland |
1.97 |
|
0 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
India |
3.07 |
|
540 |
|
1998/99 |
48 |
|
43 |
|
Indonesia |
2.37 |
|
230 |
+ |
2002/03 |
60 |
|
57 |
|
Iran (Islamic
Republic of) |
2.12 |
|
76 |
|
1997 |
73 |
|
56 |
|
Iraq |
4.83 |
|
250 |
+ |
1989 |
14 |
b d |
10 |
d |
Ireland |
1.94 |
|
5 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Israel |
2.85 |
|
17 |
|
1988 |
68 |
|
52 |
|
Italy |
1.28 |
|
5 |
|
1996 |
60 |
t |
39 |
t |
Jamaica |
2.44 |
|
87 |
|
1997 |
66 |
c |
63 |
c |
Japan |
1.33 |
|
10 |
|
1994 |
59 |
|
53 |
|
Jordan i |
3.53 |
|
41 |
|
2002 |
56 |
|
41 |
|
Kazakhstan |
1.95 |
|
210 |
+ |
1999 |
66 |
s |
57 |
|
Kenya |
5.00 |
|
1000 |
|
2003 |
39 |
|
32 |
|
Kiribati |
... |
|
... |
|
1988 |
37 |
|
27 |
|
Korea, Dem.
People's Rep. |
2.00 |
|
67 |
+ |
1990/92 |
62 |
|
53 |
|
Korea, Republic
of |
1.23 |
|
20 |
|
1997 |
81 |
|
67 |
|
Kuwait |
2.38 |
|
5 |
|
1996 |
50 |
d s |
41 |
d |
Kyrgyzstan |
2.71 |
|
110 |
+ |
1997 |
60 |
|
49 |
|
Lao People's Dem. Rep. |
4.83 |
|
650 |
+ |
2000 |
32 |
|
29 |
|
Latvia |
1.26 |
|
42 |
|
1995 |
48 |
v |
39 |
v |
Lebanon |
2.32 |
|
150 |
+ |
1996 |
61 |
|
37 |
|
Lesotho |
3.65 |
|
550 |
+ |
2000 |
30 |
|
30 |
|
Liberia |
6.80 |
|
760 |
+ |
1986 |
6 |
|
6 |
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |
3.03 |
|
97 |
+ |
1995 |
40 |
b |
26 |
|
Liechtenstein |
1.64 |
r |
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Lithuania |
1.28 |
|
13 |
|
1995 |
47 |
|
31 |
|
Luxembourg |
1.73 |
|
28 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Madagascar |
5.40 |
|
550 |
|
2003/04 |
27 |
|
18 |
|
Malawi |
6.10 |
|
1800 |
|
2000 |
31 |
|
26 |
|
Malaysia |
2.93 |
|
41 |
|
1994 |
55 |
j |
30 |
j |
Maldives |
4.33 |
|
110 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Mali |
6.92 |
|
1200 |
|
2001 |
8 |
|
7 |
|
Malta |
1.50 |
|
21 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Marshall Islands |
5.71 |
k |
... |
|
1985 |
27 |
|
18 |
|
Martinique |
1.98 |
|
4 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Mauritania |
5.79 |
|
1000 |
|
2000/01 |
8 |
|
5 |
|
Mauritius |
1.97 |
|
24 |
|
1991 |
75 |
|
49 |
|
Mexico |
2.40 |
|
83 |
|
1997 |
68 |
|
60 |
|
Micronesia, Fed.
States of |
4.35 |
|
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Mongolia |
2.45 |
|
110 |
|
2000 |
67 |
|
54 |
|
Morocco |
2.76 |
|
220 |
|
1995 |
50 |
|
42 |
|
Mozambique |
5.51 |
|
1000 |
+ |
1997 |
6 |
|
5 |
|
Myanmar |
2.46 |
|
360 |
+ |
1997 |
33 |
|
28 |
|
Namibia |
3.95 |
|
300 |
+ |
1992 |
29 |
|
26 |
|
Nepal |
3.71 |
|
740 |
|
2001 |
39 |
|
35 |
|
Netherlands |
1.72 |
|
16 |
|
1993 |
79 |
v |
76 |
v |
Netherlands Antilles |
2.12 |
|
20 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
New Caledonia |
2.43 |
|
10 |
|
1988 |
25 |
|
... |
|
New Zealand |
1.96 |
|
7 |
|
1995 |
75 |
|
72 |
|
Nicaragua |
3.30 |
|
230 |
+ |
2001 |
69 |
|
66 |
|
Niger |
7.91 |
|
1600 |
+ |
2000 |
14 |
|
4 |
|
Nigeria |
5.85 |
|
800 |
+ |
2003 |
13 |
|
8 |
|
Norway |
1.79 |
|
16 |
|
1988/89 |
74 |
u v |
69 |
u v |
Occ. Palestinian Territory |
5.57 |
|
100 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Oman |
3.78 |
|
87 |
+ |
1995 |
24 |
d s |
18 |
d |
Pakistan |
4.27 |
|
500 |
+ |
2001 |
28 |
|
20 |
|
Panama |
2.70 |
|
160 |
|
1984 |
58 |
|
54 |
|
Papua New Guinea |
4.10 |
|
300 |
+ |
1996 |
26 |
|
20 |
|
Paraguay |
3.87 |
|
170 |
|
1998 |
57 |
|
48 |
|
Peru |
2.86 |
|
410 |
|
2000 |
69 |
|
50 |
|
Philippines |
3.22 |
|
200 |
|
2003 |
49 |
|
33 |
|
Poland |
1.26 |
|
13 |
|
1991 |
49 |
v |
19 |
v |
Portugal |
1.47 |
|
5 |
|
1979/80 |
66 |
|
33 |
|
Puerto Rico |
1.92 |
|
25 |
|
1995/96 |
78 |
|
68 |
|
Qatar |
3.03 |
|
7 |
|
1998 |
43 |
d s |
32 |
d |
Republic of
Moldova |
1.23 |
|
36 |
|
2000 |
62 |
|
43 |
|
Reunion |
2.49 |
|
41 |
+ |
1990 |
67 |
c |
62 |
c |
Romania |
1.26 |
|
49 |
|
1999 |
64 |
|
30 |
|
Russian Federation |
1.33 |
|
67 |
|
1999 |
73 |
p |
53 |
p |
Rwanda |
5.70 |
|
1400 |
|
2000 |
13 |
s |
6 |
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
2.60 |
m |
... |
|
1984 |
41 |
c |
37 |
c |
Saint Lucia |
2.24 |
|
... |
|
1988 |
47 |
c |
46 |
c |
St Vincent/Grenadines |
2.27 |
|
... |
|
1988 |
58 |
c |
55 |
c |
Samoa |
4.42 |
|
130 |
|
1990 |
34 |
|
34 |
|
Sao Tome and Principe |
4.06 |
|
|
|
2000 |
29 |
|
27 |
|
Saudi Arabia |
4.09 |
|
23 |
|
1996 |
32 |
d s |
29 |
d |
Senegal |
5.05 |
|
690 |
+ |
1997 |
13 |
|
8 |
|
Serbia and
Montenegro |
1.65 |
|
11 |
|
2000 |
58 |
|
33 |
|
Seychelles |
1.98 |
l |
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Sierra Leone |
6.50 |
|
2000 |
+ |
2000 |
4 |
|
4 |
|
Singapore |
1.35 |
|
30 |
|
1997 |
62 |
|
53 |
|
Slovakia |
1.20 |
|
3 |
|
1991 |
74 |
g |
41 |
g |
Slovenia |
1.22 |
|
17 |
|
1994 |
74 |
|
59 |
|
Solomon Islands |
4.33 |
|
130 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Somalia |
6.43 |
|
1100 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
South Africa |
2.80 |
|
230 |
+ |
1998 |
56 |
|
55 |
|
Spain |
1.27 |
|
4 |
|
1995 |
81 |
v |
67 |
v |
Sri Lanka |
1.97 |
|
92 |
|
1993 |
66 |
q |
44 |
q |
Sudan |
4.45 |
|
590 |
+ |
1992/93 |
8 |
b o |
7 |
o |
Suriname |
2.60 |
|
110 |
|
2000 |
42 |
|
41 |
|
Swaziland |
3.95 |
|
370 |
+ |
2000 |
28 |
|
26 |
|
Sweden |
1.64 |
|
2 |
|
1981 |
78 |
g |
71 |
g |
Switzerland |
1.41 |
|
7 |
|
1994/95 |
82 |
t |
78 |
t |
Syrian Arab Republic |
3.47 |
|
160 |
+ |
1995 |
36 |
b |
28 |
|
Tajikistan |
3.81 |
|
100 |
+ |
2000 |
34 |
|
27 |
|
Thailand |
1.93 |
|
44 |
|
1996/97 |
72 |
|
70 |
|
The FYR of Macedonia |
1.53 |
|
23 |
|
... |
... |
|
.... |
|
Timor-Leste |
7.79 |
|
660 |
+ |
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Togo |
5.37 |
|
570 |
|
2000 |
26 |
|
9 |
|
Tonga |
3.54 |
|
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
1.61 |
|
160 |
|
2000 |
38 |
|
33 |
|
Tunisia |
2.00 |
|
120 |
|
1994 |
60 |
|
51 |
|
Turkey |
2.46 |
|
70 |
+ |
1998 |
64 |
|
38 |
|
Turkmenistan |
2.76 |
|
31 |
+ |
2000 |
62 |
s |
53 |
|
Uganda |
7.10 |
|
880 |
|
2000/01 |
23 |
|
18 |
|
Ukraine |
1.12 |
|
35 |
|
1999 |
68 |
|
38 |
|
United Arab Emirates |
2.53 |
|
54 |
+ |
1995 |
28 |
d |
24 |
d |
United Kingdom |
1.66 |
|
13 |
|
2002 |
84 |
|
81 |
|
United Rep. of Tanzania |
5.04 |
|
1500 |
|
1999 |
25 |
s |
17 |
|
United States of America |
2.04 |
|
17 |
|
1995 |
76 |
|
71 |
|
U.S. Virgin
Islands |
2.15 |
|
... |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Uruguay |
2.30 |
|
27 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Uzbekistan |
2.74 |
|
24 |
+ |
2002 |
68 |
|
63 |
|
Vanuatu |
4.15 |
|
130 |
|
1991 |
15 |
|
15 |
|
Venezuela |
2.72 |
|
96 |
|
1982 |
52 |
|
40 |
|
Viet Nam |
2.32 |
|
130 |
+ |
2002 |
79 |
|
57 |
|
Western Sahara |
3.89 |
|
850 |
|
... |
... |
|
... |
|
Yemen |
6.20 |
|
570 |
|
1997 |
21 |
|
10 |
|
Zambia |
5.65 |
|
750 |
|
2001/02 |
34 |
|
23 |
|
Zimbabwe |
3.56 |
|
1100 |
|
1999 |
54 |
s |
50 |
|
Source: United Nations
Population Division and World Health Organization
Sources:
Total fertility rate
Total fertility rate estimates from Population Division of the United
Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision,
Volume I: Comprehensive Tables (United Nations publication,
forthcoming), supplemented by Demographic Yearbook 2000 (United
Nations publication, Sales No. E/F.02.XIII.1) and Demographic Yearbook
2001 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E/F.03.XIII.1);
Estimated maternal mortality
ratio
Maternal mortality ratio estimates from World Health Organization, United
Nations Children's Fund and United Nations Population Fund, published
in Maternal
mortality in 2000: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, accessed
on 23 September 2004;
Contraceptive prevalence
Contraceptive prevalence from World Population Monitoring, 2002 (ESA/P/WP.171*,
9 January 2002), supplemented by contraceptive use data published in
http://www.measuredhs.com accessed in August 2004, Demographic
and Health Survey national reports, Gulf Family Health
Survey national reports, DHS + Dimensions, vol. 3,
no. 2, Fall 2001, DHS Comparative Reports No. 1, Unmet Need
at the End of the Century, Sept. 2001, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention and ORC Macro, Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health
in Eastern Europe and Eurasia: A Comparative Report, April 2003,
Reproductive Health Survey national reports and
Women's Indicators and Statistics Database (Wistat), Version 4, CD-ROM
(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.00.XVII.4).
Footnotes:;
... |
Not available. |
+ |
For countries lacking complete
vital registration or other acceptable national estimates of maternal
mortality, the estimates are developed using a model. For each country,
the regression model was used to predict the proportion maternal
among deaths of women of reproductive age (PMDF), and the prediction
was then applied to the WHO estimated envelope of HIV-adjusted deaths
of women of reproductive age in 2000 to estimate maternal deaths.
The MMR was then obtained by dividing the number of maternal deaths
by an estimate of the number of births in 2000. |
a |
For women aged 15-44 in union. |
b |
Adjusted from source to exclude breast-feeding. |
c |
Including visiting unions. |
d |
From a health survey covering only households of nationals
of the country. |
e |
For statistical purposes the data for China do not
include Hong  Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions. |
g |
For all sexually active women of childbearing age. |
h |
For all women of childbearing age. |
i |
Excluding the West Bank. |
j |
Peninsular Malaysia only |
k |
Data refer to 1999. |
l |
Data refer to 2001. |
m |
Data refer to 1998. |
n |
Flemish population only. |
o |
North Sudan only. |
p |
For women aged 15-44 in union living in the cities
of Ivanovo, Yekaterinburg and Perm. |
q |
Excluding areas containing roughly 15 per cent of the
population. |
r |
Data refer to 1997. |
s |
Including the lactational amenorrhoea method and/or
breastfeeding if reported as the current contraceptive method. |
t |
Including some cases of sterilization for non-contraceptive
reason. |
u |
Women currently married or cohabiting who were born
in 1945, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965 or 1968. |
v |
Respondents whose contraceptive status is unknown are
considered non-users of contraception. The percentage of respondents
in this category is 45.7 in Austria, 19.5 in Canada, 18.4 in Finland,
6.2 in France, 4.1 in Hungary, 29.3 in Latvia, 0.0 in Netherlands,
1.5 in Norway, 32.1 in Poland and 0.1 in Spain. |
Technical notes:
Total fertility
rate estimates the total number of children a girl will bear if her child-bearing
follows the current fertility patterns and she lives through her entire
child-bearing years. Total fertility rate is estimated by the Population
Division of the United Nations Secretariat using the latest available
demographic data from countries and given as five-year averages.
Maternal mortality ratio is defined as the number of
maternal deaths divided by the number of live births for a given year
and expressed per 100,000 live births. Estimates shown here have been
rounded according to the following scheme: <50 : no rounding; 50-99
: round to nearest 5; 100-999 : round to nearest 10; 1000 and over : rounded
to the nearest 100. Maternal deaths are defined as those caused by deliveries
and complications of pregnancy, child-birth and the puerperium. However,
the exact definition varies from source to source and is not always clear
in the original, particularly as regards the inclusion of abortion-related
deaths.
Furthermore, the World Health Organization observes that most maternal
deaths go unregistered in areas where maternal mortality rates are highest.
To address this information gap, WHO and the United Nations Children's
Fund recently developed new estimates of maternal mortality using a dual
strategy. This involved using available data wherever possible, adjusted
to account for the common problems of under-reporting and misclassification
of maternal deaths, and developing a simple model to predict values for
countries with no reliable national data. The estimates derived from this
approach are considered to be more reliable than earlier ones and are
the ones shown here.
Contraceptive use among currently married women of
childbearing age has been compiled by the Population Division of the United
Nations Secretariat from the results of national surveys associated with
the Demographic and Health Surveys, the Maternal and Child Health Surveys
and numerous other national surveys, and published in World Population
Monitoring, 2002(ESA/P/WP.171*, 9 January 2002). Where possible,
women in consensual unions are included. Age groups interviewed vary slightly
across countries: most African, Asian and South American countries cover
women aged 15-49; most Central American and Caribbean countries cover
women aged 15-44; while European countries tend to cover a narrower age
range, such as 15-44, 20-49 or variations falling close to these ranges.
Both overall contraceptive prevalence (that is, percentage using contraception
regardless of method) and prevalence of modern methods are shown. The
group modern methods refers to clinic and supply methods, and includes
highly effective methods widely developed and adopted for contraceptive
practice over the past few decades. These are the methods most often offered
by family planning programmes. Specifically, they include male and female
sterilization, IUDs, the pill, injectible hormonal contraceptives, condoms
and female barrier methods (diaphragm, cervical cap, spermicidal foams,
creams, jellies and sponges).
|