Search this document using the terms below
Reference numbers indicate paragraphs. Red bold reference numbers indicate main discussions.
A
abortion
spontaneous, underreported, 386
unsafe or illegal types of, 370
access to economic resources, data sources on, 197, 199
access to productive resources in agriculture, 136–149, 230
data on, 139–144
gender disparity in, 136–137
accessibility of data, definition, 26
accuracy of data, definition, 26
activity lists, 555
ad hoc module on transition from school to work, 87
administrative records. See administrative sources
administrative sources
on earnings, 131
on government officials, 270
on human trafficking, 500
on injuries, 423
on internal migration, 432
on international migration, 448, 449
on the judiciary, 278
on labour force participation, 115
on managerial positions in environment ministries, 224
on mortality from natural disasters, 217
on refugees, 469
on violence against women, 481–483, 486–487, 659
adolescents
fertility, 323
health risk factors, 421
adult education and training, 89–96
data on, 91–95
data sources on, 92, 93
in developed countries, 89
in developing countries, 90
Adult Education Surveys, 96
adult mortality, gender differences in, 296
adult women
height of, 260
weight of, 259
Africa, 436
age
and labour force participation, 110
topic in censuses, 536
age and sex
data sources on, 395
disaggregation by, 536
distribution
data sources on, 300, 301, 302, 303, 397
pyramids, 728–729
Agri-Gender Statistics Toolkit, 37
agricultural assets
access to, 230
ownership of, 594–597
agricultural censuses and surveys, 563–600
advertising campaign to promote, 579
on agricultural holdings, 140–141
design of, 566
field staff selection and training, 577–578
on food access, 239
on land and livestock ownership, 201
manual design, 578 (box), 590
questionnaire design, 575–576, 576 (box), 591
topics for, 580–600
agricultural extension services, 90, 94–95
annual reports of, 95
data sources on, 94
women users of, 598
agricultural holder, identifying, 589–593
agricultural holdings, 567–574
management of, 587–593
recording of, 148, 567–569
relation to households, 567–568
small ones, excluded, 145
sub-holdings, 146, 572–574, 585, 592, 596, 599–600
agricultural labour
data sources on, 143
family and non-family, 581–586
agriculture
productivity of, 138
See also access to productive resources in agriculture
AIDS Indicators Surveys, 408
air pollution, 208
indoor, 417
alcohol use, 414, 424
anaemia, 248
annex tables, 734
anthropometry, 252
average (mean), 708
B
bank reports, on the private sector, 283
bar charts
dot, 720
grouped (clustered), 719
stacked, 721–723
Beijing Platform for Action, 1, 19, 25, 32, 36, 50 (box), 96
bias. See gender bias
births
data sources on, 361
live
data sources on, 301, 332, 333
recent
data sources on, 300, 303, 335
underreporting of, 336
female, 304
Body Mass Index (BMI), 250, 258
Bolivia, 287
borders, admission or passenger records at, 450
boys, mortality, 351–353
breakdown variables, 684
C
cancers, 389–391
cardiovascular diseases, 389–390
cash crops, 587
casual workers, 619
cause of death. See death, cause of
censuses (generally)
manuals and training
designing, 524 (box)
objectives of, 503
questionnaires
designing, 524 (box)
supervisors of census and survey work
selection and training of, 510–511, 524
See also specific types of census, e.g. population censuses
child health and nutrition, 349–365
data sources on, 360
girls’ disadvantage in some countries, 350
child labour, 159–167
data on, 160–166
data sources on, 163, 164, 165, 166
definition, 160
types of, 167
breakdown variables for understanding of, 162
gender disparities in, 159
child labour surveys, 163
on school attendance, 66
child mortality
data sources on, 359
information about, from woman involved, 545
sex differentials in, 363–364
boys, 351–353
girls, 353–355
child work. See child labour
childbearing
early, 322
non-marital, 327
childbirth (delivery), lack of adequate care, 368
childcare
availability of, 326
constraints of, and labour force participation, 150–151
children born alive, data sources on, 334
children ever born, 541, 544
data sources on, 361
children surviving, 541, 544
data sources on, 361
Chile, 716
civil registration
on age and sex distribution, 301
on causes of death, 423
on childhood mortality, 359
on deaths, 393
on divorce, 315
on live births, 301, 332
on marriage, 315
on maternal mortality, 373
clarity of dissemination of data, definition, 26
coefficient of variation, 709
cohabiting unions, 309–310
community surveys, on local environmental management, 225
Comprehensive Food Security Assessments (CFSVAs), 238, 254
computers, use of, 100–101
condom use, to avoid infection, 416
Continuing and Vocational Training Surveys, 96
contraceptive methods
data sources on, 335
lack of access to, 369
use of, 322–339
in developing countries, 325
underreported, 338, 385
contributing family workers, 135
cooking, as work or as hobby, 636
cooking and heating services, 206
cooking fuels, 206, 210, 213, 417
data sources on, 213, 422
topic in censuses, 562
Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development, 37
Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaires (CWIQ), 65
corporate reports, on the private sector, 283
Costa Rica, 436
credit, 598
obtaining, by women, 195
criminal justice records, on human trafficking, 500
current activity approach, 141, 564, 611
D
data coding, 512
data collection
avoiding gender bias, 1–2, 519–525
gender-sensitive concepts and methods of, 20–23, 502–681
work in agriculture as example, 21–23
new concepts and methods of, 22–23
data editing, 512
data needed for discussing gender issues, treatment of, in this manual, 47–48
data sources for discussing gender issues
different, comparability of, 710 (box)
treatment of, in this manual, 47–48
death
cause of, 378–380, 387–399
data sources on, 217, 423
misreported, 399
women vs. men, 389–391
risk of, at some life stages, of women, 388
See also mortality
deaths (number)
data sources on, 361, 393, 394
underreporting of, 398
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 65, 189, 199, 213, 252, 360, 377, 395, 408, 420, 480, 494
on access to economic resources, 199
on child work, 164
on cooking fuels, 213
on fertility, 335
on intrahousehold inequality, 189
on marriage, 319
on recent births, 303
demographic health monitoring, surveillance systems in, 378, 407
denominator, and calculation of rates, 704
Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries (World Bank), 38
developed countries
adult education and training in, 89
fertility rates below replacement level, 326
national statistical systems/offices of, 43
developing countries
adult education and training in, 90
computer and Internet use, 101
contraceptive methods used in, 325
national statistical systems/offices of, 43–44
Developing gender statistics: A Practical Tool (UNECE and World Bank), 41
deviation from the mean, 709
diaries. See time diaries
Dietary Energy Consumption/Acquisition (DEC), 233
disaggregation
by age and sex, 536
treatment of, in this manual, 47–48
discouraged workers, 121, 615
discrimination against women and girls, definition, 245, page 281
divorces, 311
data sources on, 315
domestic work
in time use classification, 641
unpaid, 152, 157–158
Dominican Republic, 436
E
earnings
data sources on, 131
remittance of, from migrants, 428
women’s, 124
expenditure on basic needs, 231
economic activities
primary and secondary, 584
underreported types, 609–610
economic autonomy of women, 193–203
data on, 196–201
economic characteristics, topic in censuses, 551–557
economically active population, 608–611
education, 51–107
low
and high fertility, 82
impact on family well-being, 82
participation in, 51–70
data on, 61–67
data sources on, 64
gender disparities in, 57
of population subgroups (e.g., homeless), 69–70
time investment in, 634
topic in censuses, 547–550
education occupation field of study, 60
education outcomes, 80–88
data on, 83–87
educational attainment
breakdown variable for statistics, 85
data sources on, 86, 87
gender disparities, 81
topic in censuses, 547–549
Egypt, 724
Electoral Management Bodies, 271
employees
count of
data sources on, 120
with stable contracts, 619
See also workers
employment
detailed classification of, 132
gender disparities, 111
misclassification of, 135
employment conditions, 122–135
breakdown variables, 126
data on, 125–131
data sources on, 127–130
empowerment of women and girls, definition, page 281
Engendering Statistics. A tool for Change (Statistics Sweden), 36
enterprise surveys, on adult education and training, 93
environment, 204–227
aspects with gender-differentiated impacts, 205–218
data on, 210–217
gender inequality with regard to, 204
environment ministries, decision-making in, 219
environmental conditions, and health, 208, 216
environmental degradation, impact on women, 207
environmental education field of study, 219
data sources on, 223
environmental management, 219–227
data on, 221–226
local, 220
national level decision-making, 219
environmental protection, in daily life, 220
environmental statistics
definition, 204
gender issues not addressed by, 211, 218
not usually handled by national statistical offices, 227
environmentally-friendly behaviour (e.g., recycling), data sources on, 222
epidemiological studies, on health risks, 216
establishment censuses or surveys
on child work, 166
on count of employees, 120
on employment conditions, 130
on labour force participation, 115
ethnicity, topic in censuses, 538
European Union, roadmap on gender equality, 50 (box)
European Union Labour Force Survey, 87
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), 188, 197
Eurostat, 38, 39, 96
F
families, 293–348
changing models of, 340–348
family caretakers, women as, 152
family-friendly working arrangements, 151
family planning, unmet need for, 325, 339, 369
farm households
data sources on, 144
female-headed, 90
See also agricultural holdings
female genital mutilation (FGM), 490–496
data sources on, 494
prevalence of, 490–491
underreporting or misreporting of, 495–496
female-headed households, different types of, 170–171, 173–174
female members of households, underreporting of, 306
fertility, 322–339
adolescents, 323
data sources on, 335
levels of
in developed countries, 326
lack of education and, 82
in less developed regions, 324
non-marital, 337
rate below replacement level
in developed countries, 326
topic in censuses, 540–546
Fertility and Family Surveys
on fertility, 335
on marriage, 319
on recent births, 303
field staff. See interviewers; supervisors
firewood, collection, 206, 210
focus group discussions, women’s, 670
food, storage, preparation and processing, little data on, 261
food access, 229–243
data on, 233–239
collected on the household level, 233–235, 240–241
disaggregation of, 234–235
data sources on, 237, 239
definition, 228
discrimination against women as to, 245
individual, 241–242
stability of, 232
women and children, 242
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 38, 233
Food Consumption Score, 233
Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), 233
food security, 228–261
data sources on, 236
definition, 228
a human right, 244
at the individual level, 233
food shortage, coping strategies, men vs. women, 232
food utilization, 244–261
data on, 250–255
definition, 228
Fourth World Conference on Women, 1, 32, 36
G
Gallup Inc., 233
Gambia, 731
gender
data from population and housing censuses (combined), 515–518
definition, page 281
- sex, page 284
use of word, 4–5
gender analysis
definition, page 281
use of gender statistics for, 9
Gender and Statistics Briefing Notes (UNSTAT), 43
gender balance, definition, page 281
gender bias in data collection, avoiding or reducing, 1–2, 504–507, 519–525, 639–650, 660–681
gender blindness, definition, page 282
gender differences
in adult mortality, 296
internal migration, 426
life expectancy at birth, 387
in migration, 295
in mortality, 295–296
gender discrimination, definition, page 281
gender disparity, under- or overestimated, 70
gender equality
definition, page 282
use of gender statistics for promoting, 10, 14
gender equity, definition, page 282
gender indicators, 686
definition, page 282
production of, 37
use of gender statistics for, 11
Gender Info, 37
gender issues, 1–2
definition, page 282
men-related, 6
treatment of, in this manual, 47–48
gender mainstreaming
definition, page 283
in national statistics, 18–34, 42–44
definition, page 283
use of gender statistics for, 13
Gender Mainstreaming. An Overview (DESA), 43
gender neutral
definition, page 283
statistical fields considered to be, 204
gender norms, definition, page 283
gender parity, definition, page 283
gender perspective, in designing statistics, 3
gender quotas, 265, 267
gender roles, definition, page 283
gender-sensitive concepts and methods of data collection, 20–23, 502–681
definition, page 283
gender-specific conceptual and measurement issues, treatment of, in this manual, 47–48
gender statistics, 1–6
assessing availability and quality of, 49, 50 (box)
data analysis and presentation of, 682–738
definition, 1–6, page 284
demand for, 6
disseminated by statistical publications and products, 687 (box)
focus on, growing out of women’s statistics, 6
identifying gaps in and developing a plan for producing, 50, 50 (box)
mainstreaming of, into the national statistical system, 18–34
avoiding marginalisation of gender units, 32
cooperation between users and producers, 29
developing new concepts and methods, 30–31
leadership required, 27
legal framework for, 28
training of statisticians, 31
manuals and training resources on, 35–41
presentation of, user friendly, recommendations, 738 (box)
production of, 17–34
key elements, 45–46
relation to national statistical systems, 17
users of, 7–16
dissemination to, 24–25
uses of, 7–16
gender units and focal points
position of, within the national statistical system, 32
role of
in developing a gender perspective, 33
in facilitating communication between producers and users, 34
girls
mortality, 353–355
underweight, 356
Global Forums on Gender Statistics, 18, 31
Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), 421
government cabinets, women in, 266
government officials, gender of, data sources on, 270, 272, 274
graphs, 711–733
title of, 712
gross domestic product (GDP), 641. See also System of National Accounts (SNA), production boundaries of
growth and developmental failure, inter-generational, 247
Guide to Producing Statistics on Time Use: Measuring Paid and Unpaid Work (DESA, UNSTAT), 627n.
H
habits, health-damaging, 414
Handbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men, 36
headcount poverty index, 172
health, 349–424
environmental conditions and, 208, 216
gender and, 635
time investment in, 634
health administrative sources, 396
on health risks, 216
on immunizations, 362
on newborns’ nutrition, 255
on violence against women, 482, 488
health and welfare fields of study, 60
health care
data sources on, 411
discrimination against women, 245
girls’ disadvantage, 352, 355
health facilities reports, on HIV, 410
health-related surveys, on violence against women, 480
health risks
data sources on, 216, 420
related to housing conditions (water, sanitation, cooking fuels, etc.), 216
related to life style, 414–424
height, of adult women, 260
HIV Behavioural Surveillance Surveys (BSS), 468
HIV/AIDS, 389–390, 400–413
data sources on, 410
impact on families, 405
knowledge about, women vs. men, 402
testing
non-participation in, 412
population-based surveys with, 408
women vs. men, 400–404
hobbies, 636–637
homemaker, as occupation, 554
horizontal bar charts, 724–729
hours of work, 612–613
household/s, 293–348
allocation of resources within, 186
country differences in proportions of women and aged, 180
decision-making in
less participation by women, 182
by migrant women, 441
household head
identifying, 177–178, 240
joint, 240
topic in censuses, 534
women as, 170–171, 173–174, 428, 441, 534
household members
topic in censuses, 535
undercounting of women, 306, 535
inequality in, 181–192
data on, 183–190
data sources on, 189, 190
of resource allocation, 638
resources
less allocation to women, 181
time use of individuals in, 649
types of
female-headed, 170–171, 173–174, 428, 441, 534
skipped-generation and one-person, 342
Household Budget Surveys, 236
household censuses, topics covered by, 558–562
household characteristics, topic in censuses, 533–535
Household Dietary Score, 233
Household Income and Expenditure Surveys, 236
household-level income/consumption poverty, 170–180
data on, 172–176
household reference person, topic in censuses, 534
household sample surveys. See household surveys
household surveys
on access to economic resources, 197
on adult education and training, 92
on age and sex distribution, 303, 395
on child health, 360
on child work, 164
on contraceptive use, 335
on educational attainment, 87
on female genital mutilation, 494
flexibility of, as to topics covered, 602
on food security, 236
on health risk factors, 420
on housing conditions, 213
in immigrants’ country of destination, 445, 446
in immigrants’ country of origin, 444, 446
on informal unions, 318
on internal migration, 428, 431
on international migration, 444, 447
on literacy, 87
on living arrangements, 346
on marital status, 318
on maternal mortality, 375–377
on nutrition, 252
on poverty, 176
on recent births, 335
on school attendance, 65, 77
household time overhead, 638
housing, ownership of, 560
housing censuses
on cooking fuels, 422
on housing conditions, 215
on property ownership, 200, 560
housing conditions (water, sanitation, cooking fuels, etc.), 213, 215
data sources on, 213, 215
and health risks, 216
impact on women, 212
human capital investment programmes, use of gender statistics for developing, 12
human development, measuring progress in, with indicators, 37
human rights status
of internally displaced persons, 453
of refugees, 453
human trafficking, 497–501
data inadequate, 501
data sources on, 500
of men, 501
perpetrators of, often women, 498
of women and girls, 497
humanities and arts fields of study, 60
I
immigrants
country of destination, data sources on, 445, 446
country of origin, data sources on, 444, 446
men, 435
women, 436–437
immunization, 354
girls disadvantaged, 352
health data sources on, 362
immunization coverage surveys, 362
income
contributed by women and women’s ownership of property, 187
of individuals
reporting of, 202
topic in censuses, 552
women’s, 193
income from employment, module for, 622
India, 718, 733, 735, 737
indicators, 37, 47, 686. See also gender indicators
indigenous people, topic in censuses, 538
indirect sisterhood method, 375–377
industry (of employment), 616–617
infant mortality
early marriage and, 322
sex differentials in, 363–364
infectious and parasitic diseases, 389–390
informal employment, 123
module for, 623–624
topic in censuses, 553
informal sector employment, topic in censuses, 553
informal sector surveys, on employment conditions, 129
informal unions, 309–310, 318
data sources on, 318
disadvantage of women in, 309–310
statistics on, 320–321
information and communication technology (ICT)
gender differences in use of, 107
surveys
on science and technology use, 105
infrastructure, impact on women, 205, 212
injuries
data sources on, 423
occupational, gender differences, 418
unintentional, gender differences, 418
Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 287
institutions, surveys on people living in, 347
Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance (IBBS) Surveys, 409
Inter-Agency Expert Group on Gender Statistics, 18
internal migration, 426–434
data sources on, 428, 430, 431, 432
gender differences, 426
rural-to-rural, rural-to-urban, urban-to-urban, 426
and status of women, 427–428
topic in censuses, 430, 527–531
underreporting of women’s, 433
internally displaced persons, 453–470
human rights status, 453
Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) profiling surveys, 467
International Classification of Activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS), 642
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 380
International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE), 134, 619
International Labour Office (ILO), 38
international migration, 435–452
data lacking, 451
data sources on, 443, 444, 447, 448, 449
decision to emigrate, 435
statistics on, difficult to produce, 441
and status of women, 440–442
topic in censuses, 532
of women, 452
International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), 132, 274, 617
detailed (four-digit), 280, 284, 290, 292
International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC), 143, 617
Internet, use of, 100–101
interviewers
age of, and respondents’ trust, 675
selection of, 510–511, 524, 674–676
training of, 510–511, 524, 677–681
women as, and obtaining of sensitive information, 510–511, 577–578
intimate partner, defined, 663
intrahousehold inequality, 181–192, 638
data on, 183–190
iodine deficiency, 248
iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), 248
J
joint holder, 589, 597
journalists
data sources on, 290
women, 290, 292
judiciary, 275–280
data on, 277–279
data sources on, 278
women in, 275–276
K
Kenya, 468
L
labour, forced (slavery), 497
labour force, reference period chosen to define (one day, week, or year), 119
labour force participation, 108–121
age and, 110
childbearing and childraising constraints, 150–151
data on, 112–115
data sources on, 114, 115
gender disparity, trends, 109–110
underreporting of women’s, 118, 631
labour force statistics, breakdown variables, 113
Labour Force Surveys (LFS), 601–626
on agricultural employment, 143
on child work, 165
on employment conditions, 127
on labour force participation, 114
manual for, design, 606 (box)
on migration, 431, 447
modules attached to, 621–626
questionnaire for, design, 606 (box)
topics covered, 607–620
on work-family balance, 155–156
labour migration, 428, 435
skilled (brain drain), 438
land and livestock ownership
data sources on, 201
ownership of, 194, 203
by women, 194
See also agricultural holdings
Latin America, 436
lawyers, women, 276
leisure, 636–637, 643
less developed regions. See developing countries
level of dependency burden of impoverished households, 175
Liberia, 495
life expectancy at birth, gender differences, 387
life style, health risk factors related to, 414–424
line charts, 714–716
list tables, 735–738
literacy
adult and youth, 80
data sources on, 86, 87
definition, 88
self-reporting or proxy reporting on, 88
topic in censuses, 86, 549–550
literacy surveys, 87
literacy tests, 550
livestock, 572
living arrangements, 340–348
changing models of, 340–348
living conditions, impact on women, 205
living conditions surveys, on work-family balance, 155
living quarters, topic in censuses, 559
Living Standard Measurement Study (LSMS), 65, 176, 188, 197, 236, 253, 431, 447, 564
Living Standard Measurement Study—Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), 140, 142, 198, 564
local governments, women in, 267, 273
lone fathers with children, 170
lone mothers with children, 170
M
male-headed households, different types of, 171, 173–174
malnutrition, 244–249
individual vs. household, 256
managerial positions
in environment ministries, data sources on, 224
in private sector, 281, 285
mandatory reporting, 489
manuals (generally)
design and testing of, 508, 524 (box)
See also specific censuses and surveys
marital status
broadly considered, 663
categories of (single, married, widowed, divorced, separated), 539
data sources on, 316, 317, 318
topic in censuses, 537, 539
market work, 641
marriage
age at, 308
data sources on, 315, 319
early, 307–308
and vulnerability to violence, 475
types of, 309
maternal health, 366–386
maternal mortality
data sources on, 373, 374, 375–377
decline in, 366
developing countries, 366
misclassification of, avoiding, 546
reliable data lacking, 380–384
young women, 322
maternity benefits, 150
matriarchal societies, 436
mean (arithmetic), 708
media, 286–292
coverage of issues by, 287
data on, 288–281
decision-makers in, 286
use of gender statistics by, 7
media campaigns
of population and housing censuses, 522–523
promoting the contributions of women, 523
media company surveys, 289
media monitoring studies, 291
median, 707
men
gender issues, 6
statistics about. See gender statistics
men and women
differences in treatment of, in all societies, 1–2, 4
understanding the actual situation of, in society, 8
Mexico, 436
micronutrient disorders, 248
Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), 250, 259
migration
data sources on, 431, 447
gender differences in, 295
overreporting of women’s, 434
See also internal migration; international migration
migration status, as breakdown variable, 429
Millennium Development Goals, 11, 37
Morocco, 723
mortality, 387–399
gender differences in, 295–296
topic in censuses, 540–546
See also adult mortality; child mortality; infant mortality; maternal mortality
multi-purpose household surveys
on agricultural extension services, 94
on natural disasters’ impact, 214
on violence against women, 480
on work-family balance, 155–156
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), 65, 189, 213, 252, 360, 377, 408, 420, 494
on child work, 164
N
national statistical systems/offices
of developed countries, 43
of developing countries, 43–44
gender mainstreaming in, 18–34, 42–44
definition, page 283
gender units within, 32
improving the quality of data produced by, 26–34
products prepared by, 683
natural disasters
data sources on, 214
impact on women, 207, 209, 214
mortality from, 209, 217
natural resources, access to, 207
neonatal death, 322
newborns, nutrition, data sources on, 255
Nicaragua, 436
non-consumption indicators, 184
of poverty, 169, 192
non-market work, 641
normative reporting, defined, 413
numerator, and calculation of rates, 704
nutrition
data sources on, 252
a human right, 244
negative trends in, 260
sex differentials in, 257, 365, 415
O
obesity, 249
gender gap in, 415
occupation, 616–617
data sources on, 274, 279–280, 284
statistics on, 280, 285
women’s, 554, 557
older persons
living arrangements of, 297, 341, 342
with children, 342
women vs. men, 297, 341
one-person households, 342
opinion and value surveys, on environmentally-friendly behaviour, 222
organ removal, involuntary, 497
overweight. See obesity
own-account production, 555
examples of, 556
for own consumption, 609, 630–631
of services, 117
own-account workers, 135
owner-managers of incorporated enterprises, 619
ownership
of agricultural assets, 594–597
data sources on, 200, 560
of housing
topic in censuses, 560
of land or other property
by women, 194, 203
P
paid work, 117
Pakistan, 725
panel surveys, on food access, 237
parents
with and without partners, 173–174
lone, 170
parliaments, women in, 263–265
passenger surveys, 450
patriarchal societies, 436
pension systems, 193
percentages, 691–698
percentiles, 707
perinatal death, 322
personal and sensitive topics in interviews, 667, 678
pie charts, 730–731
place of birth, 430
place of previous residence, 430
place of usual residence, 430, 527–531
police and court records, on violence against women, 481, 486–487
policy making, governmental, use of gender statistics for, 7, 40
political decision-making, women’s participation in, 263
political parties, women in, 264
politics and governance, 263–280
data on, 269–272
polygynous unions, 309
statistics on, 320–321
population, 293–348
negative growth, 326
population and housing censuses (combined), 515–562
advertising and media campaigns promoting, 522–523
gender data from, 515–518
See also housing censuses; population censuses
population-based surveys
with HIV testing, 408
See also household surveys
population censuses
on age and sex characteristics, 300
on births and deaths, 361
on children born alive, 334
on children ever born, 361
on children surviving, 361
on deaths, 394
on educational attainment, 86
on employment conditions, 128
on government officials’ gender, 272, 274
on housing conditions, 215
on internal migration, 430
on international migration, 443
on journalists’ gender, 290
on labour force participation, 114
on literacy, 86
on living arrangements, 345
on marital status, 317
on maternal mortality, 374
on occupations, 274, 279–280, 284
on property ownership, 200
on recent births, 300
on refugees living in camps, 466
on school attendance, 67
topics covered by, 527–557
population estimates (between censuses), on age and sex characteristics, 300
population registers
on age and sex characteristics of population, 302, 397
on internal migration, 432
on international migration, 448
on live births, 333
on marital status, 316
Population Situation Analysis: A Conceptual and Methodological Guide (UNFPA), 40
population subgroups (e.g., homeless), educational participation of, 69–70
population surveys, on environmentally-friendly behaviour, 222
post-enumeration surveys, 525
poverty, 168–203
and access to schooling, 55
consumption measures of, 191
data sources on, 176
household
disaggregation of, by sex, 179–180
measures of, 172
household vs. individual, 168–169
and lack of leisure, 636
non-consumption indicators of, 169, 192
poverty gap (or poverty depth) index, 172
poverty reduction policies, use of gender statistics in, 13, 15
power and decision-making, 262–292
precarious employment, workers in, 134
pregnancy
and maternal health, 366–370
unintended, 370
prenatal care, 367
prenatal sex selection, 294
primary activities, recording of, 158
primary education, access to, 52
Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (UNSTAT), 38
private sector, 281–285
data on, 282–284
data sources on, 283
managerial positions, women in, 281, 285
probabilities, 705
productivity, promoted by gender equality, 14
property and inheritance rights, 194, 196
proportions, 691–698
prostitution, forced, 497
public, the, use of gender statistics by, 7
public transport usage surveys, 226
Q
qualitative (categorical) variables, 688, 690–705
quality of life, measurement of, 636
quantiles, 707
quantitative variables, 688, 705–710
questionnaires (generally)
avoiding gender bias in language of, 504–507
design and testing of, 504–507, 524 (box)
R
rates, 702–704
ratios, 699–701
re-interview surveys, 525
refugee and asylum-seeker registers, 465
refugees, 453–470
camps, 456, 466, 468
data on, 470
data sources on, 466, 469
human rights status, 453
returning to communities of origin, 460
women, 454
abuse toward, 457–458
sexual violence and exploitation against, 455–456
relevance of data, definition, 26
religion, topic in censuses, 538
remittances, 428, 439, 445
reproductive-age mortality studies (RAMOS), 379
reproductive health surveys, 408
research facilities, administrative records of, on science and technology use, 104
research fields, gender segregated, 98
researchers
gender disparities, 97, 99, 106
use of gender statistics by, 7
respondent, safety of, 665–666, 673, 679–681
role models, female, 72
S
sampling
errors, with small numbers, 305
general principles, 509
satellite accounts (to SNA), 630, 641, 644
scatter plots, 732–733
scheduling of work, 632
school administrative records
on educational participation, 64
on environmental education, 223
on schooling environment, 76
school attendance
data sources on, 65, 66, 67, 77
factors affecting (e.g., long travel distance), 73
by refugees, 459
topic in censuses, 547–549
school-based surveys, on adolescent health risk factors, 421
schooling environment, 71–79
data on, 74–78
data sources on, 76
schools
curricula, qualitative studies of, 78
drop-out rates, 53–54
enrolment statistics
measurement issues, 68
progress in, 53
single-sex, 73
science, mathematics and technological subjects of study, 60
science and technology use, 97–107
data on, 102–105
data sources on, 104, 105
gender disparities, 99
seasonal workers, 121, 619
secondary activities, underreporting of, 645–647
secondary education, enrolment in, 54
seeking work, 121, 614–615
self-employment, 134
sensitivity training, 678
sentinel surveillance, 407
separations, 311
service providers’ administrative records
on human trafficking, 500
on violence against women, 483
services, own account production of, 117
severity of poverty index, 172
sex
as breakdown variable, 684
as individual biological characteristic, definition, page 284
topic in censuses, 536
use of word, 4–5, page 284
terms beginning with. See also gender
sex and age. See age and sex
sex bias in data collection, 304
definition, page 284
sex-disaggregated statistics, 3, 5, 536
definition, page 284
sex distribution, 694–698
sex parity, definition, page 283
sex ratio, 700
at birth, 294, 305
country differences, 294–306
sex selection. See prenatal sex selection
sexual behavior
high-risk, unsafe, 407, 416
misreporting of, 413
women vs. men, 401–404
sexual harassment, 474
sexual intercourse, unprotected, and HIV/AIDS, 401
sexual violence. See violence against women
sexually transmitted infections, women vulnerable to, 401, 416
shopping, as work or as hobby, 636
short-term workers, 619
Sierra Leone, 495
simultaneous activities, recording of, 645–647
skipped-generation households, 342
slavery, 497
smoke, indoor, 208, 417
A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies (World Bank), 40
South Africa, 715, 736
Southern Asia, 436
standard deviation, 708
statistical publications and products
gender statistics disseminated by, 687 (box)
preparing
use of gender statistics in, 48
statistics, data analysis and presentation, mathematical concepts of, 682–738
Statistics Sweden, 43
status in employment, 122, 133, 612–613, 618–620
gender bias in designation of, 619–620
sub-holder, 593
sub-holdings, agricultural, 146, 572–574, 585, 592, 596, 599–600
subsistence workers, 134, 619
supervisors of census work, selection and training of, 510–511
surveillance systems
for demographic health monitoring, 378, 407
in refugee camps, 468
surveys (generally)
objectives of, 503
See also specific types, e.g. household surveys
Swaziland, 728
Sweden, 43, 738
System of National Accounts (SNA), production boundaries of, 117–118, 157, 555, 586, 609, 630, 641–642
T
tables, statistical, 734–738
Tanzania, 468
teaching materials, gender biases in, 71
teaching staff, women underrepresented in, 72
telephone surveys, 672
tertiary education
enrolment in, 58–59, 276
fields of study, 60
time allocation patterns, 629
time constraints, women disadvantaged as to, 246
time diaries, 627
time poor, 638
time use
classification of activities, 640–642
detail of, 640
module for, 625
time use surveys, 39, 627–650
avoiding gender bias in data collection, 639–650
collecting of individual and household characteristics in, 648
on family farming, 144
on health care of household members, 411
on intrahousehold inequality, 190
recording of contextual information, 643–644
sample size, 649
on unpaid work, 157–158
on work burden of women, 212
on work-family balance, 154
tobacco use, gender gap in, 414
topics
in agricultural censuses and surveys, 580–600
in household censuses, 558–562
in interviews
order of asking, 667, 678
in Labour Force Surveys (LFS), 607–620
personal and sensitive, 667, 678
in population censuses, 527–557
U
Uganda, 468
UN Women, 287
undercounting of women, 1, 306, 535
underemployment, topic in censuses, 553
underreporting, 1
births, 304, 336
contraceptive methods use, 338, 385
death, 398
economic activities, 609–610
female genital mutilation (FGM), 495–496
female members of households, 306
internal migration, 433
labour force participation, 118, 631
secondary activities, 645–647
spontaneous abortion, 386
unemployment, 121
violence against women, 485–488, 668–669
work, 609–610
underweight, 245
girls vs. boys, 356
unemployment, 614–615
definition, 614
gender disparities, 111
underreporting of women’s, 121
unions (marital), formation and dissolution of, 307–321
universities, administrative records, on science and technology use, 104
unpaid activities that are performed for work purposes (e.g., socializing with colleagues), 632
unpaid work, 117, 586, 630
data sources on, 157–158
domestic work, 152, 157–158
unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, 208
usual activity approach, 141, 553, 564, 611
V
variables
nominal and ordinal, 688–689
qualitative and quantitative, 688–689
verbal autopsy, 378
vertical bar charts, 717–720
Viet Nam, 722
violence, psychological and economic, 474
violence against men, 478
violence against women (physical and sexual), 471–501
data sources on, 480–483, 486–487, 488, 659
within the family or home, 476
groups particularly vulnerable to, 455–456, 475, 484
by intimate partners, 472
mandatory reporting of, 489
by non-partners, 473
types of behavior included in, 661–663
underreported, 485–488, 668–669
use of gender statistics in reducing, 16
See also violence against women surveys
violence against women surveys, 479, 484–485, 651–681
avoiding bias in, 660–681
interviewers, 674–681
questionnaire design, 664–670
respondent’s safety in, 665–666, 673, 679–681
responding to respondent’s needs, 680–681
sample size of coverage, 671–673
uses of, for gender statistics, 651–658
vital statistics systems, on live births, 301
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD), 248, 250
vocational education, 60
volunteer work, 641
voter registration, 268
W
water, sanitation and hygiene, unsafe, 208
water collection, 205
topic in censuses, 561
web-based surveys, 672
weight
of adult women, 259
See also obesity; underweight
welfare, measurement of, 636
Western Asia (region), 436
wife-beating, 476
justifications for, 478
women
media campaigns promoting the contributions of, 522–523
status of, worldwide, 1
women’s advocates, 6
use of gender statistics by, 7
women’s organizations, 6
women’s statistics, 6. See also gender statistics
women’s suffrage, 268
work, 108–167
forms of, not covered by labour force statistics, 117
scheduling of, 632
underreported types, 609–610
work and family life (work-family balance), 150–158, 633
data on, 153–156
data sources on, 154, 155–156
module for, 626
work hours, and access to schooling, 56
work location, 632
non-traditional (e.g., while commuting), 632
workers
in precarious employment, 134
short-term, 619
subsistence, 134, 619
See also employees
working time, 632
workloads, women disadvantaged as to, 246
World Development Report, 14
The World’s Women 2005. Progress in Statistics, 43
Y
Yemen, 719