Although they may not have the wide appeal of graphs, tables are necessary forms of presentation of data. Many statistical publications have as their main objective the dissemination of data and have to be specific about the values observed for the characteristics measured, which can be achieved through the use of large, comprehensive tables. Such tables are often placed in the annex to a publication and are therefore called “annex tables”. Annex tables may present information on several characteristics and indicators, covering several breakdown variables in a single table. In comparison, text tables are smaller tables that are referred to in and are part of the main text in a publication. They are often needed in support of a point made in the text. In that regard, tables are always a better alternative than the presentation of many numbers in a text, making the explanation in the text more concise. The selection of the data to be presented in small tables depends upon the findings of the analysis in terms of the most interesting groups or most striking differences or similarities between women and men.
Lastly, some of the data that need to be presented may be more easily conveyed by a table than in a graph. Most often, when data do not vary much across categories of a characteristic, or when they vary too much, tables are a better choice of presentation than graphs. List tables (tables with only one column of data) can be used, for example, to present data that does not have much variation between categories. List tables can show, for example, the regions of a country that have the minimum values observed for fertility rates or the lowest proportion of women married before the age of 18. For instance, table IV.2 shows the states in India that have the lowest proportion of women aged 15 to 19 who have had a live birth. Lists are often in ascending or descending order of the variable, rather than in alphabetical order.
Table IV. 2
States with the lowest percentages of women aged 15-19 who have had a live birth, India, 2005-2006
| |
Women aged 15 to 19 who have had a live birth
(per cent)
|
| Himachal Pradesh |
2 |
| Jammu & Kashmir |
3 |
| Kerala |
3 |
| Goa |
3 |
| Delhi |
4 |
| Uttaranchal |
4 |
| Punjab |
4 |
Source: International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International, 2007.
List tables or tables with two or more data columns can be used when the values observed for some categories vary widely compared to the rest of categories. For example, table IV.3 shows adult mortality rates by cause of death that vary widely from one cause of death to another.
Table IV. 3
Estimated adult crude death rates by cause of death, South Africa, 2008
Selected top causes of death
|
Crude death rates (per 10,000 persons age 15-59) |
|
| Causes of death |
Women |
Men |
| HIV/AIDS |
81 |
65 |
| Respiratory infections |
8 |
11 |
| Diarrhoeal diseases |
7 |
5 |
| Malignant neoplasms |
6 |
7 |
| Cardiovascular diseases |
5 |
7 |
| Injuries |
3 |
12 |
| Maternal conditions |
3 |
.. |
| Nutritional deficiencies |
2 |
1 |
| Tuberculosis |
2 |
7 |
Source: WHO, 2012.
Tables are an interesting form of presentation when the focus of analysis is a breakdown variable that is associated with a number of related indicators expressed in different units. Table IV.4 shows, for example, that in India more years of schooling of women are associated with a lower incidence of teenage pregnancies, lower total fertility rates and lower under-5 mortality rates for their children.
Table IV. 4
Demographic indicators by mother's years of schooling, India, 2005-2006
|
Women age 15-19 who have had a live birth (per cent) |
Total fertility rate (live births per 1000 women) |
Under-five mortality rate(deaths per 1000 live births) |
| No education |
26 |
3.55 |
81 |
| Less than 5 years completed |
16 |
2.45 |
59 |
| 5-7 years completed |
15 |
2.51 |
55 |
| 8-9 years completed |
6 |
2.23 |
36 |
| 10-11 years completed |
4 |
2.08 |
29 |
| 12 or more years completed |
2 |
1.80 |
28 |
Source: International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International, 2007.
Tables may be a better alternative than graphs when presenting changes in the values of multiple indicators (or one indicator disaggregated by a multi-categorical variable) between two points in time. Table IV.5, for example, shows the increase in women’s participation in most of the parliamentary committees in Sweden between 1985 and 2010. Similar tables may be constructed to present, for example, changes over time in the participation of women in managerial positions within regions of a country, or changes in sex ratio in the youth labour force within the largest cities of a country.
Table IV. 5
Women in parliamentary committees, Sweden, 1985 and 2010
|
Per cent women in total members in each committee |
| Committee |
1985 |
2010 |
| Labour market |
27 |
65 |
| Taxation |
13 |
59 |
| Health and Welfare |
47 |
59 |
| Education |
27 |
59 |
| Housing/Interior |
20 |
53 |
| Traffic |
13 |
53 |
| Finance |
20 |
47 |
| Justice |
27 |
47 |
| Constitution |
20 |
47 |
| Environment and Agriculture |
20 |
47 |
| Foreign Affairs |
27 |
47 |
| Cultural Affairs |
60 |
41 |
| Defense |
20 |
35 |
| Social Insurance |
60 |
35 |
| Industry |
20 |
29 |
| All committees |
28 |
48 |
Source: Statistics Sweden, 2010.
- + Box IV.3
Summary of recommendations for user friendly presentations
- In the presentation of gender statistics, some simple rules apply:
Women and men should be presented side by side to facilitate comparisons
Women should always be presented before men
The words “women and ”men” and “girls” and “boys” should be used instead of “females” and “males” (which have a biological connotation) whenever possible
When data are presented to a broader audience, numbers should be rounded to 1,000, 100 or 10, and percentages should be rounded to integers, to facilitate comparisons between women and men
The gender-blind total should be deleted in tables and graphs to facilitate comparisons between women and men
In tables, alphabetic text, such as labels, should be aligned left. Numeric values should be aligned right, usually on the rightmost digit; if numeric values are decimals, they should be aligned on the decimal point
Charts that give clear, visual information should be used instead of tables whenever possible
Too many categories should be avoided in pie charts and stacked bars
The same color should be used for women along all charts
Preference should always be given to a simple layout when designing charts:
-
Only one type of gridline, either vertical or horizontal, should be used, or not at all
Ticks are not necessary on the axis representing a qualitative variable
Labels for values presented inside a graph are distracting and redundant
Graphs with a third unnecessary dimension are misleading