Statistics and indicators on women and men
 

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Table 5e. Women's wages relative to men's
Last update: December 2009
Country or area
Year
%
Source
Andorra 2007   a
71
ARRS
Armenia 2007   a
62
LRES
Australia 2006   b,m
90
LRES
Austria 2003   a
62
IR
Azerbaijan 2008   a
56
LRES
Bahrain 2007   a,k,n,o
77
IR
Belarus 2008   a
67
LRES
Belgium 2007   a
79
LRES
Bermuda 2007   a
91
LREC
Botswana 2006   a,p
66
LRES
Brazil 2002   a
61
AR
Bulgaria 2007   a,l
70
LREC
China, Hong Kong SAR 2008   c,h,k
60
LRES
China, Macao SAR 2008   a
66
LRES
Colombia 2007   a,r,s
60
LFS
Costa Rica 2008   b,t
95
LFS
Croatia 2007   a,u
76
LRES
Cyprus 2006   b,v
65
LRES
Czech Republic 2005   a,h,w
65
LRES
Denmark 2007   b,o,x
87
LREC
Egypt 2007   d,h,n
66
LREC
El Salvador 2006   a
64
LFS
Finland 2007   a,z,e1
84
LRES
France 2007   b,f1
83
ARRS
French Polynesia 2003   a
87
AR
Georgia 2007   a
51
LREC
Germany 2008   b
76
LRES
Gibraltar 2007   b,h,g1
81
LREC
Hungary 2007   a,a1
73
LRES
Iceland 2008   a,z
72
LRES
Indonesia 2008   e,ii,i1
68
LFS
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 2002   a
90
LRES
Ireland 2006   d,h,n
72
LRES
Isle of Man 2008   b
113
LRES
Japan 2008   a,n,o
61
LRES
Jordan 2007   a
69
LRES
Kazakhstan 2008   a
68
LRES
Latvia 2008   a
81
LRES
Lithuania 2008   b,c1
70
LRES
Luxembourg 2008   b,h
73
LREC
Madagascar 2005   b
85
HS
Malta 2008   b,j,i1
89
LFS
Mexico 2008   a,k1
72
LFS
Mongolia 2008   a
71
LRES
Myanmar 2008   g,k,y
88
LRES
Nepal 1999   a,t,i1,n1
45
LFS
Netherlands 2005   a,d1, z
83
LRES
New Zealand 2008   b,b1
81
LRES
Norway 2008   a,z, d1,j1
90
LRES
Occupied Palestinian Territory 2008   f,i1
50
LFS
Panama 2008   b,j,h1,i1
97
LFS
Paraguay 2008   a
108
LFS
Philippines 2008   c
92
LFS
Portugal 2008   a
68
LRES
Qatar 2007   e
142
LFS
Republic of Korea 2007   a,n
57
LRES
Romania 2007   a
75
LRES
Saint Helena 2002   a
72
TR
Saint Lucia 2003   b,h,l1
71
LRES
Singapore 2008   a
65
ARRS
Sri Lanka 2008   f,h,k
77
LRES
Swaziland 2000   a,h,k,o
57
LREC
Sweden 2008   b,h,l,o
91
LRES
Switzerland 2006   a,m1
77
LRES
Thailand 2003   e
75
LFS
Ukraine 2008   a
71
LREC
United Kingdom 2008   d,z
82
LFS

 

Sources:

Calculated by the United Nations Statistics Division based on data published by the International Labour Office in Tables 5A Wages, by economic activity and 5B Wages in manufacturing, available from ILO LABORSTA website, http://laborsta.ilo.org/ (accessed December 2009).

LFS Labour force survey.
HS Household survey.
LREC Labour-related establishment census.
LRES Labour-related establishment survey.
IR Insurance records.
TR Tax records.
AR Administrative reports.
ARRS Administrative records and related sources.

Footnotes:

a
 Refers to earnings per month.
b
 Refers to earnings per hour.
c
 Refers to wage rates per day.
d
 Refers to earnings per week.
e
 Refers to wage rates per month.
f
 Refers to earnings per day.
g
 Refers to wage rates per hour.
h
 Worker coverage: Wage earners.
ii
 Worker coverage: Salaried employees.
j
 Worker coverage: Total coverage.
k
 ISIC-Rev.2 - 3.
l
 ISIC-Rev.4 - C.
m
 Full-time adult non-managerial employees.
n
 Establishments with 10 or more persons employed.
o
 Private sector.
p
 Citizens only.
q
 Employees under labour contract.
r
 Excluding armed forces.
s
 Persons aged 10 years and over.
t
 Main occupation.
u
 Excluding employees in craft and trade.
v
 Including family allowances and the value of payments in kind.
w
 Enterprises with 20 or more employees.
x
 Excluding young people aged less than 18 years and trainees.
y
 Regular employees.
z
 Full-time employees.
a1
 Establishments with 5 or more persons employed.
b1
 Establishments with the equivalent of more than 0.5 full-time paid employees. Full-time equivalent employees.
c1
 Excluding individual unincorporated enterprises. All employees converted into full-time units.
d1
 Excluding overtime payments.
e1
 Excluding seasonal and end-of-year bonuses.
f1
 Including managerial staff and intermediary occupations.
g1
 Excluding part-time workers and juveniles.
h1
 Median wage.
i1
 Persons aged 15 years and over.
j1
 Only remuneration in cash.
k1
 Persons aged 14 years and over.
l1
 Unweighted survey results.
m1
 Standardised monthly earnings (40 hours x 4,3 weeks).
n1
 Fluctuations in wages due to small sample size.

 

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Technical notes:

The indicator presented in this table is the ratio of female wages to male wages in manufacturing, expressed as a percentage. In general, the wage statistics from which the indicator has been calculated refer to average earnings per month per employee (i.e. wage earners and salaried employees). Where this is not the case, it is indicated by a footnote.

This indicator is useful for tracking the extent of gender parity in wages within manufacturing. International comparisons of the wage ratios presented here, however, must be made with great caution. The coverage, definitions and methods of compiling wage statistics differ significantly from country to country. Weekly, daily and monthly earnings are much dependent on variations in hours of work. In addition, statistics of wage rates do not reflect the influence of changes in wage supplements nor the influence of variations in hours of work. Where female workers generally work a much smaller number of hours than male workers, these factors must be kept in mind when interpreting the wage ratio.

The data on average earnings are usually derived from payroll data supplied by a census or a sample of establishments, which often also furnish data on hours of work and on employment. In some cases, average earnings are compiled from labour force surveys or from a variety of administrative sources including social insurance and tax records.