Statistics
and indicators on women and men |
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| Table 5e. Women's wages relative to men's |
Last update: June 2011 |
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| Andorra |
2007 |
|
|
71 |
ARRS |
|
| Armenia |
2008 |
|
|
61 |
LRES |
|
| Australia |
2006 |
|
a,b |
90 |
LRES |
|
| Austria |
2003 |
|
|
62 |
IR |
|
| Azerbaijan |
2008 |
|
|
60 |
LRES |
|
| Bahrain |
2007 |
|
c,d,e |
77 |
IR |
|
| Belarus |
2008 |
|
|
67 |
LRES |
|
| Belgium |
2007 |
|
|
79 |
LRES |
|
| Bermuda |
2007 |
|
|
91 |
LREC |
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| Botswana |
2008 |
|
|
55 |
LRES |
|
| Brazil |
2002 |
|
|
61 |
AR |
|
| Bulgaria |
2007 |
|
f |
70 |
LREC |
|
| China, Hong Kong SAR |
2007 |
|
c |
63 |
LFS |
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| China, Macao SAR |
2008 |
|
|
66 |
LRES |
|
| Colombia |
2007 |
|
g,h |
60 |
LFS |
|
| Costa Rica |
2008 |
|
a,i |
81 |
LFS |
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| Croatia |
2007 |
|
j |
76 |
LRES |
|
| Cyprus |
2006 |
|
a,k |
65 |
LRES |
|
| Czech Republic |
2005 |
|
l,m |
65 |
LRES |
|
| Denmark |
2007 |
|
a,e,n |
87 |
LREC |
|
| Egypt |
2007 |
|
d,l,o |
66 |
LREC |
|
| El Salvador |
2006 |
|
|
64 |
LFS |
|
| Finland |
2008 |
|
p,q |
85 |
LRES |
|
| France |
2007 |
|
a,r |
83 |
ARRS |
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| French Polynesia |
2003 |
|
|
87 |
AR |
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| Georgia |
2007 |
|
|
60 |
LREC |
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| Germany |
2008 |
|
a |
76 |
LRES |
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| Gibraltar |
2007 |
|
l,o,s |
61 |
LREC |
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| Hungary |
2007 |
|
p,t |
73 |
LRES |
|
| Iceland |
2008 |
|
p |
72 |
LRES |
|
| Indonesia |
2008 |
|
u,v,w |
68 |
LFS |
|
| Iran, Islamic Rep. of |
2002 |
|
|
90 |
LRES |
|
| Isle of Man |
2008 |
|
a |
113 |
LRES |
|
| Japan |
2008 |
|
d,e |
61 |
LRES |
|
| Jordan |
2008 |
|
|
63 |
LRES |
|
| Kazakhstan |
2008 |
|
|
68 |
LRES |
|
| Latvia |
2008 |
|
|
81 |
LRES |
|
| Lithuania |
2008 |
|
a,x |
70 |
LRES |
|
| Luxembourg |
2008 |
|
v |
70 |
LREC |
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| Madagascar |
2005 |
|
a |
85 |
HS |
|
| Malta |
2008 |
|
a,w,y |
89 |
LFS |
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| Mexico |
2008 |
|
z |
72 |
LFS |
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| Mongolia |
2008 |
|
|
71 |
LRES |
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| Myanmar |
2008 |
|
c,a1,b1 |
88 |
LRES |
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| Nepal |
1999 |
|
i,w,c1 |
45 |
LFS |
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| Netherlands |
2005 |
|
p,d1 |
83 |
LRES |
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| New Zealand |
2008 |
|
a,e1 |
81 |
LRES |
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| Norway |
2008 |
|
d1,f1 |
90 |
LRES |
|
| Occupied Palestinian Territory |
2008 |
|
w,g1 |
50 |
LFS |
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| Panama |
2008 |
|
a,w,y,h1 |
97 |
LFS |
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| Paraguay |
2008 |
|
|
108 |
LFS |
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| Philippines |
2008 |
|
i1 |
92 |
LFS |
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| Portugal |
2008 |
|
|
68 |
LRES |
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| Qatar |
2007 |
|
u |
142 |
LFS |
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| Republic of Korea |
2007 |
|
t |
58 |
LRES |
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| Romania |
2007 |
|
|
75 |
LRES |
|
| Saint Helena |
2002 |
|
|
72 |
TR |
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| Saint Lucia |
2003 |
|
a,v,j1 |
81 |
LRES |
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| Singapore |
2008 |
|
|
65 |
ARRS |
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| Sri Lanka |
2008 |
|
a,c,l |
81 |
LRES |
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| Swaziland |
2000 |
|
c,e,l |
57 |
LREC |
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| Sweden |
2008 |
|
a,e,l,k1 |
91 |
LRES |
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| Switzerland |
2008 |
|
l1 |
79 |
LRES |
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| Thailand |
2003 |
|
u |
75 |
LFS |
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| Ukraine |
2008 |
|
|
71 |
LREC |
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| United Kingdom |
2008 |
|
o,p |
82 |
LFS |
|
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Sources:
Calculated by the United Nations Statistics Division based on data published by the International Labour Office in Tables 5A Wages, by economic activity and 5B Wages in manufacturing, available from ILO LABORSTA website, http://laborsta.ilo.org/ (accessed June 2011).
| ARRS |
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Administrative records and related sources. |
| AR |
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Administrative reports. |
| HS |
|
Household survey. |
| IR |
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Insurance records. |
| LFS |
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Labour force survey. |
| LREC |
|
Labour-related establishment census. |
| LRES |
|
Labour-related establishment survey. |
| TR |
|
Tax Records. |
Footnotes:
a |
Refers to earnings per hour. |
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b |
Full-time adult non-managerial employees. |
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c |
ISIC-Rev.2 - 3 |
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d |
Establishments with 10 or more persons employed. |
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e |
Private sector. |
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f |
Employees under labour contract. |
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g |
Excl. armed forces. |
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h |
Persons aged 10 years and over. |
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i |
Main occupation. |
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j |
Excl. employees in craft and trade. |
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k |
Including family allowances and the value of payments in kind. |
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l |
Worker coverage: Wage earners. |
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m |
Enterprises with 20 or more employees. |
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n |
Excl. young people aged less than 18 years and trainees. |
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o |
Refers to earnings per week. |
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p |
Full-time employees. |
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q |
excl. seasonal and end-of-year bonuses. |
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r |
Incl. managerial staff and intermediary occupations. |
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s |
Excl. part-time workers and juveniles. |
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t |
Establishments with 5 or more persons employed. |
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u |
Refers to wage rates per month. |
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v |
Worker coverage: Salaried employees. |
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w |
Persons aged 15 years and over. |
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x |
Excl. individual unincorporated enterprises. All employees converted into full-time units. |
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y |
Worker coverage: Total coverage. |
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z |
Persons aged 14 years and over. |
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a1 |
Refers to wage rates per hour. |
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b1 |
Regular employees. |
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c1 |
Fluctuations in wages due to small sample size. |
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d1 |
Excl. overtime payments. |
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e1 |
Establishments with the equivalent of more than 0.5 full-time paid employees. Full-time equivalent employees. |
f1 |
Only remuneration in cash. |
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g1 |
Refers to earnings per day. |
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h1 |
Median wage. |
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i1 |
Refers to wage rates per day. |
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j1 |
Unweighted survey results. |
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k1 |
ISIC-Rev.4 - C |
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l1 |
Standardised monthly earnings (40 hours x 4,3 weeks). |
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Top
Technical notes:
The indicator presented in this table is the ratio of female wages to male wages in manufacturing, expressed as a percentage. In general, the wage statistics from which the indicator has been calculated refer to average earnings per month per employee (i.e. wage earners and salaried employees). Where this is not the case, it is indicated by a footnote.
This indicator is useful for tracking the extent of gender parity in wages within manufacturing. International comparisons of the wage ratios presented here, however, must be made with great caution. The coverage, definitions and methods of compiling wage statistics differ significantly from country to country. Weekly, daily and monthly earnings are much dependent on variations in hours of work. In addition, statistics of wage rates do not reflect the influence of changes in wage supplements nor the influence of variations in hours of work. Where female workers generally work a much smaller number of hours than male workers, these factors must be kept in mind when interpreting the wage ratio.
The data on average earnings are usually derived from payroll data supplied by a census or a sample of establishments, which often also furnish data on hours of work and on employment. In some cases, average earnings are compiled from labour force surveys or from a variety of administrative sources including social insurance and tax records.
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