The paper presents the experiences in conducting the 2005 Population Census in Japan and the problems encountered. The failure to enumerate households directly may affect the accuracy not only of the results of the Census, but also of other related statistics. It is apparent that drastic measures should be taken to solve them. The Statistics Bureau of Japan set up a committee of academics and specialists on the Population Census of Japan in January 2006 to analyze the problems with the 2005 Census and their causes, and to improve the enumeration methodologies etc. for the 2010 Census. The report of the committee is summarized.

Paper presented at the 23rd Population Census Conference April 16-18, 2007, Christchurch, New Zealand.